公开(公告)号：US5239733A

公开(公告)日：1993-08-31

申请号：US778493

申请日：1991-10-17

申请人： William B. Vail, III ,  Thomas E. Vail, Jr.

发明人： William B. Vail, III ,  Thomas E. Vail, Jr.

IPC分类号： A61G17/007 ,  A61G17/08

CPC分类号： A61G17/08 ,  A61G17/007 ,  A61G2203/90

摘要： Articles of manufacture are described called temporally degradable urns which are chemically and/or biologically degradable urns for the initial deposit of ashes following the cremation of human remains are described. Each temporally degradable urn is designed to degrade within a predetermined period of time following burial in the earth. Cemeteries comprised of one or more temporally degradable urns placed into the earth are described. Methods of operation of cemeteries for such temporally degradable urns are described which prescribe as little initial ecological disturbance as possible. After the predetermined period of time, the buried urns completely chemically and/or biologically disintegrate, therefore returning the land its previous ecological condition. Thereafter, that land becomes suitable for the preservation of flora and fauna. Such methods of operation of urn cemeteries can be used as the critical methodology for the routine and ongoing preservation of entire ecosystems.

摘要翻译： 描述了在人类遗体火化之后，用于初始沉积灰烬的化学和/或生物可降解瓮的制剂被称为时间可降解的瓮。 每个时间可降解的瓮被设计成在地球埋葬之后的预定时间段内降解。 描述了由放置在地球中的一个或多个时间上可降解的瓮构成的墓地。 描述了这种时间可降解的瓮的墓地的操作方法，其规定尽可能少的初始生态扰动。 在预定的时间段之后，这些瓮缸完全化学和/或生物分解，因此将土地恢复其以前的生态条件。 此后，这片土地变得适合保护动植物群。 这种瓮墓的运作方式可以作为整个生态系统常规和持续保存的关键方法。

公开(公告)号：US5075626A

公开(公告)日：1991-12-24

申请号：US434886

申请日：1989-11-13

申请人： William B. Vail, III

发明人： William B. Vail, III

IPC分类号： G01V3/24 ,  G01V11/00

CPC分类号： G01V11/00 ,  G01V3/24

摘要： Methods of operation of an apparatus having at least two pairs of voltage measurement electrodes vertically disposed in a cased well to measure the resistivity of adjacent geological formations from inside the cased well. During stationary measurements with the apparatus at a fixed vertical depth within the cased well, the invention herein discloses methods of operation which include a measurement step and subsequent first and second compensation steps respectively resulting in improved accuracy of measurement. The invention also discloses multiple frequency methods of operation resulting in improved accuracy of measurement while the apparatus is simultaneously moved vertically in the cased well. The multiple frequency methods of operation disclose a first A.C. current having a first frequency that is conducted from the casing into formation and a second A.C. current having a second frequency that is conducted along the casing. The multiple frequency methods of operation simultaneously provide the measurement step and two compensation steps necessary to acquire accurate results while the apparatus is moved vertically in the cased well.

摘要翻译： 具有至少两对垂直设置在套管井中的电压测量电极的设备的操作方法，以从套管井内测量相邻地质构造的电阻率。 在固定式测量中，在套管井内的固定垂直深度的装置中，本发明公开了包括测量步骤和随后的第一和第二补偿步骤的操作方法，分别导致测量精度的提高。 本发明还公开了多种频率操作方法，从而在套管井内同时垂直移动时提高测量精度。 多频操作方法公开了具有从壳体传导到地层中的第一频率的第一交流电流和沿着壳体传导的具有第二频率的第二交流电流。 多种频率操作方法同时提供测量步骤和两个补偿步骤，以便在套管井内垂直移动装置时获取准确的结果。

公开(公告)号：US4656422A

公开(公告)日：1987-04-07

申请号：US720943

申请日：1985-04-08

申请人： William B. Vail, III ,  Paul B. Schwinberg

发明人： William B. Vail, III ,  Paul B. Schwinberg

IPC分类号： G01V3/14 ,  G01R33/022 ,  G01R33/24 ,  G01V3/32 ,  G01R33/08

CPC分类号： G01R33/24 ,  G01R33/022 ,  G01V3/32

摘要： Nucleons which are chemically bound to oil and water in geological formations possess magnetic moments which align in the earth's magnetic field causing the natural nuclear paramagnetism of the formation. An A.C. magnetic field at the Larmor frequency is repetititively applied to the formation adjacent to a borehole resulting in a repetitive excitation-relaxation process of the nucleons present within an "excitation zone" which results in an amplitude modulation of the paramagnetism within this zone. This physical process results in an amplitude modulation of the earth's magnetic field in the vicinity of the excitation zone of the formation and is called the Paramagnetic Logging Effect (PLE). The PLE may be measured with logging tools in open holes and within cased well bores. The PLE measures the following quantities within a predetermined excitation zone of the formation: amount of oil, amount of water, total fluid volume, the viscosity of oil present, oil saturation and water saturation factors, estimations of the permeability, positions of vertical oil and water boundaries adjacent to the borehole, and the locations of lateral discontinuities of the oil bearing formation. The PLE is sensitive to such parameters at least 10 feet laterally into formation and up to perhaps 100 feet radially away from the drill hole. A thorough theoretical description of the PLE in open holes and in the cased hole environment is presented along with the detailed engineering data necessary for the construction of practical tools. Another variety of the PLE is based on the repetitive excitation-relaxation process of natural electronic paramagnetic impurities found within petroleum. Measurement of the presence of such impurities indicate the presence of petroleum in formation.

摘要翻译： 在地质构造中化学结合到油和水的核子具有在地球磁场中对准的磁矩，导致地层的天然核顺磁性。 Larmor频率的A.C.磁场重复地施加到邻近钻孔的地层，导致存在于“激发区域”内的核子的重复激发弛豫过程，其导致该区域内的顺磁性的幅度调制。 这种物理过程导致地层激磁区附近的地球磁场的幅度调制，称为顺磁测井效应（PLE）。 PLE可以用测井工具在开孔和套管井内测量。 PLE在地层的预定激励区域内测量以下数量：油量，水量，总流体体积，存在的油的粘度，油饱和度和水饱和因子，渗透率的估计，垂直油的位置和 与钻孔相邻的水边界以及含油层的横向不连续部位。 PLE对这样的参数敏感，横向成形至少10英尺，距离钻孔径向远离大约100英尺。 介绍了开孔和套管井环境中PLE的详细理论说明，以及实际工具施工所需的详细工程数据。 PLE的另一种种类是基于在石油中发现的天然电子顺磁性杂质的重复激发松弛过程。 这种杂质的存在的测量表明形成中存在石油。

公开(公告)号：US5633590A

公开(公告)日：1997-05-27

申请号：US214648

申请日：1994-03-17

申请人： William B. Vail, III

发明人： William B. Vail, III

IPC分类号： G01V3/24 ,  G01V11/00 ,  G01V3/20

CPC分类号： G01V11/00 ,  G01V3/24

摘要： Methods to quantitatively determine the separate amounts of oil and gas in a geological formation adjacent to a cased well using measurements of formation resistivity are disclosed. The steps include obtaining resistivity measurements from within a cased well of a given formation, obtaining the porosity, obtaining the resistivity of formation water present, computing the combined amounts of oil and gas present using Archie's Equations, determining the relative amounts of oil and gas present from measurements within a cased well, and then quantitatively determining the separate amounts of oil and gas present in the formation.

摘要翻译： 公开了使用测量地层电阻率来定量确定与套管井相邻的地质构造中的油和气的单独量的方法。 这些步骤包括从给定地层的套管井内获得电阻率测量值，获得孔隙度，获得存在的地层水的电阻率，计算使用Archie方程存在的油气的组合量，确定存在的油气的相对量 从套管井内的测量，然后定量地确定地层中存在的油和气体的单独量。

公开(公告)号：US5260661A

公开(公告)日：1993-11-09

申请号：US789960

申请日：1991-11-12

申请人： William B. Vail, III

发明人： William B. Vail, III

IPC分类号： G01V3/28 ,  G01V3/24

CPC分类号： G01V3/28

摘要： This invention relates to the measurement of the longitudinal components of low frequency A.C. magnetic fields from within cased boreholes which are used to measure geophysical properties of geological formations. The applied A.C. magnetic fields are generated by passing low frequency A.C. current through insulated wires or by conducting low frequency A.C. current through geological formations, either of which are examples of conducting A.C. currents through different "circuit pathways". The currents generating the applied A.C. magnetic fields are in the frequency range between 0.001 Hz and 20 Hz. The measured longitudinal components of the resulting total A.C. magnetic fields within the cased boreholes are responsive to various geophysical parameters which include the resistivities of the portions of the geological formations subject to said applied A.C. magnetic fields and to thickness variations of the casing. Calibration methods and apparatus reduce the influence of the unwanted effects due to thickness variations of the casing.

摘要翻译： 本发明涉及用于测量地质构造的地球物理特性的来自套管钻孔内的低频交流磁场的纵向分量的测量。 所应用的交流磁场是通过使低频交流电流通过绝缘电线或者通过地质构造传导低频交流电流来产生的，其中任一个都是通过不同“电路路径”传导交流电流的示例。 产生应用的交流电场的电流在0.001Hz和20Hz之间的频率范围内。 测得的套管钻孔内的总A.C.磁场的纵向分量响应于各种地球物理参数，这些参数包括受到所述应用的交流磁场的地质构造的部分的电阻率和壳体的厚度变化。 校准方法和装置减少了由于套管的厚度变化引起的不必要的影响。

公开(公告)号：US5187440A

公开(公告)日：1993-02-16

申请号：US749136

申请日：1991-08-23

申请人： William B. Vail, III

发明人： William B. Vail, III

IPC分类号： G01V3/24 ,  G01V11/00

CPC分类号： G01V11/00 ,  G01V3/24

摘要： A.C. current is conducted through geological formations separating two cased wells in an oil field undergoing enhanced oil recovery operations such as water flooding operations. Methods and apparatus are disclosed to measure the current leakage conducted into a geological formation from within a first cased well that is responsive to fluids injected into formation from a second cased well during the enhanced oil production activities. The current leakage and apparent resistivity measured within the first cased well are responsive to fluids injected into formation from the second cased well provided the distance of separation between the two cased wells is less than, or on the order of, a Characteristic Length appropriate for the problem.

摘要翻译： 交通运输通过地质构造进行，这是通过在油田进行强化采油作业如水驱作业的两个套管井分开进行的。 披露了方法和装置，以在增强的石油生产活动期间测量从第一套管井内进入地质层的电流泄漏，其响应于从第二套管井注入的流体。 在第一套管井内测量的电流泄漏和视在电阻对从第二套管井注入的流体进行响应，只要两个套管井之间的间隔距离小于或等于适合于 问题。

公开(公告)号：US4528508A

公开(公告)日：1985-07-09

申请号：US387198

申请日：1982-06-10

申请人： William B. Vail, III

发明人： William B. Vail, III

IPC分类号： G01R33/24 ,  G01V3/32 ,  G01R33/08

CPC分类号： G01R33/24 ,  G01V3/32 ,  Y10S505/844

摘要： A new method and apparatus is described which allows remote sensing and in-situ volumetric measurement of liquid petroleum reserves. A small fraction of the nuclear magnetic moments of protons in a liquid oil reserve align in the earth's magnetic field. This nuclear paramagnetism slightly alters the strength of the earth's static magnetic field above the oil reservoir. The size of the paramagnetic contribution to the earth's magnetic field is proportional to the volume of the petroleum reserve. An artificial A.C. magnetic field is applied to the bulk oil reserve at the Larmor frequency. This A.C. magnetic field causes the condition appropriate for nuclear magnetic resonance which under certain circumstances, causes the paramagnetic contribution to the earth's magnetic field to vanish. Different phenomena causing this paramagnetic contribution to vanish include saturation effects and the conditions described by rapid passage.Under these circumstances, frequency sweeping the A.C. magnetic field through magnetic resonance while simultaneously measuring the variation earth's magnetic field yields a direct measure of the total volume of the oil reserve. Numerous means are utilized to produce the appropriate A.C. magnetic field including simply passing an A.C. current through the oil formation between two boreholes. In this case, a sensitive induction magnetometer senses the change in the earth's magnetic field as the A.C. current is frequency swept through resonance. Methods are disclosed which also allow the determination of some characteristic dimensions of the oil deposit. Appropriate measurement of the relaxation of the earth's magnetic field after passage through resonance yields the oil/water ratio under certain circumstances.

摘要翻译： 描述了一种新的方法和装置，其允许液体石油储量的遥感和原位体积测量。 液态油储存中质子的核磁矩的一小部分在地球的磁场中排列。 这种核顺磁性稍微改变了油藏以上地球静磁场的强度。 对地球磁场的顺磁贡献的大小与石油储量的成正比。 以Larmor频率将人造A.C.磁场施加到散装油储备。 这种A.C.磁场导致适合于核磁共振的条件，在某些情况下，导致对地球磁场的顺磁贡献消失。 引起这种顺磁贡献的不同现象包括饱和效应和快速通过描述的条件。 在这些情况下，通过磁共振频率扫描交流磁场，同时测量地球磁场的变化，可以直接测量储油量。 使用许多装置来产生适当的交流磁场，包括简单地使通过两个钻孔之间的油层的交流电流。 在这种情况下，敏感感应磁力计可以感测地球磁场的变化，因为交流电流是通过谐振扫频。 公开了还允许确定油沉积物的一些特征尺寸的方法。 在通过谐振通过后，对地球磁场松弛的适当测量在某些情况下产生油/水比。

公开(公告)号：US5615747A

公开(公告)日：1997-04-01

申请号：US664791

申请日：1996-06-17

申请人： William B. Vail, III

发明人： William B. Vail, III

IPC分类号： E21B10/00 ,  E21B10/46

CPC分类号： E21B10/006 ,  E21B10/46

摘要： A monolithic long lasting rotary drill bit for drilling a hole into a geological formation having at least one hardened rod which has a length of at least three times its diameter composed of hard material such as tungsten carbide that is cast into a relatively soft steel matrix material to make a rotary drill bit that compensates for wear on the bottom of the drill bit and that also compensates for lateral wear of the drill bit using passive, self-actuating mechanisms, triggered by bit wear to drill relatively constant diameter holes.

摘要翻译： 一种整体式持久的旋转钻头，用于在地质层中钻孔，所述旋转钻头具有至少一个硬化棒，该硬化棒的直径至少为其硬质材料（例如碳化钨）的三倍，所述硬质材料被铸成相对较软的钢基体材料 以制造用于补偿钻头底部的磨损的旋转钻头，并且还利用被钻头磨损触发的被动的自动致动机构来补偿钻头的横向磨损以钻出相对恒定直径的孔。

公开(公告)号：US4820989A

公开(公告)日：1989-04-11

申请号：US927115

申请日：1986-11-04

申请人： William B. Vail, III

发明人： William B. Vail, III

IPC分类号： G01V3/24 ,  G01V11/00 ,  G01V3/02

CPC分类号： G01V3/24 ,  G01V11/00

摘要： Methods and apparatus are disclosed which allow measurement of the resistivity of a geological formation through borehole casing which may be surrounded by brine saturated cement. A.C. current is passed from an electrode in electrical contact with the interior of the borehole casing to an electrode on the surface of the earth. The A.C. voltage difference is measured between two additional vertically disposed electrodes on the interior of the casing which provides a measure of the resistivity of the geological formation. A calibration and nulling procedure is presented which minimizes the influence of variations in the thickness of the casing. The procedure also minimizes the influence of inaccurate placements of the additional vertically disposed electrodes.

摘要翻译： 公开了允许通过钻井套管测量地质层的电阻率的方法和装置，其可以被盐水饱和水泥包围。 A.C.电流从与井眼壳体内部电接触的电极通过地球表面上的电极。 在壳体内部的两个附加垂直设置的电极之间测量交流电压差，其提供地质层的电阻率的量度。 提出了校准和归零程序，其最小化了壳体厚度变化的影响。 该程序还使附加垂直设置的电极的不准确布置的影响最小化。

公开(公告)号：US4804918A

公开(公告)日：1989-02-14

申请号：US153061

申请日：1988-02-08

申请人： William B. Vail, III

发明人： William B. Vail, III

IPC分类号： G01V3/32 ,  G01R33/20

CPC分类号： G01V3/32

摘要： New methods and apparatus are disclosed which allow measurement of the presence of oil and water in gelogical formations using a new physical effect called the Acoustic Paramagnetic Logging Effect (APLE). The presence of petroleum in formation causes a slight increase in the earth's magnetic field in the vicinity of the reservoir. This is the phenomena of paramagnetism. Application of an acoustic source to a geological formation at the Larmor frequency of the nucleous present causes the paramagnetism of the formation to disappear. This results in a decrease in the earth's magnetic field in the vicinity of the oil bearing formation. Repetitively frequency sweeping the acoustic source through the Larmor frequency of the nucleons present (approx. 2 kHz) causes an amplitude modulation of the earth's magnetic field which is a consequence of the APLE. The amplitude modulation of the earth's magnetic field is measured with an induction coil gradiometer and provides a direct measure of the amount of oil and water in the excitation zone of the formation. The phase of the signal is used to infer the longitudinal relaxation times of the fluids present, which results in the ability in general to separate oil and water and to measure the viscosity of the oil present. Such measurements may be preformed in open boreholes and in cased well bores. The Dual Excitation Acoustic Paramagnetic Logging Tool employing two acoustic sources is also described.

摘要翻译： 公开了新的方法和装置，其允许使用称为声学顺磁测井效应（APLE）的新的物理效应测量地质构造中油和水的存在。 石油在形成中的存在导致储层附近地球磁场的轻微增加。 这是顺应性的现象。 将声源应用于岩层的拉莫尔频率的地质构造使得地层的顺磁性消失。 这导致在含油地层附近的地球磁场减少。 通过存在的核子（约2 kHz）的拉莫尔频率重复频率扫描声源会导致地球磁场的幅度调制，这是APLE的结果。 用感应线圈梯度计测量地球磁场的幅度调制，并且可以直接测量地层激发区的油和水量。 信号的相位用于推断存在的流体的纵向松弛时间，这导致通常分离油和水并测量存在的油的粘度的能力。 这种测量可以在开孔和套管井眼中进行。 还描述了使用两个声源的双激励声学顺磁测井工具。