The invention relates to an underwater wireless multi-hop network node self-positioning method based on double rates. The method is technically characterized in that: accurate distance measurement among nodes of a wireless multi-hop network is realized by using a low rate transmission mode (LM), and other information transmission among the network nodes is realized by using a high rate transmission mode (HM). The method has the advantages that: 1, the method is applied to node self-positioning of an underwater wireless multi-hop network having sparse anchor nodes, and the accuracy of node positioning of the underwater wireless multi-hop network is greatly improved; and the low rate transmission mode is adopted for measuring distance, so a single-hop coverage area can be greatly expanded, the accumulated distance measurement error and large overhead which are caused by multi-hop distance measurement in the conventional wireless multi-hop network based on a single rate are avoided, and the high node self-positioning accuracy of the wireless multi-hop network is achieved; and 2, the energy consumption and the overhead of the node positioning are effectively reduced, the low energy consumption of the wireless multi-hop network is ensured by a transmission mode based on the double rates, the algorithm is simple and effective, and the information amount of a control packet generated in the positioning process is greatly reduced.