The invention discloses a method for rapidly processing a graphical surface of an ultralong grating ruler rolling die. The method comprises the following steps: 1) selecting a rolling die; 2) cleaning the rolling die; 3) carrying out gluing on the surface of the rolling die; 4) carrying out pre-baking treatment on the rolling die; 5) fixing the rolling die; 6) selecting and adjusting a mask; and 7) carrying out exposure. According to the invention, through adopting a rotational exposure technique for exposure splicing, a graph of a grating microstructure on the mask is transferred to a photoresist on the surface layer of the rolling die, and after an operation of development is performed, a graphical grating-structure masking layer is formed on the surface of the rolling die; through using an etching or electroforming method, the graphical masking layer is copied to the surface of the rolling die; and through the application of the die, the grating microstructure on the surface of the die can be continuously copied to a grating ruler blank by using a rolled printing or inverted rolled printing method so as to realize the continuous manufacturing of an ultralong grating ruler. The method has low requirements on the external environment and is high in production efficiency, thereby effectively reducing the manufacturing cost of the grating rule.