The invention discloses a construction method of a tilapia fillet quality evaluation model based on proteins and enzymes in muscle. According to the method, indexes of quality evaluation are determined according to factors causing quality changes of tilapia; the weight of each quality evaluation index is acquired by utilizing a fuzzy analytic hierarchy process, so that a relationship between subjective evaluation standard and objective evaluation standard can be established; and a quality evaluation model is established according to the weight, and an unknown sample can be subjected to quality evaluation. The method can effectively and subjectively evaluate the quality of tilapia fillet. The system can be used by manufactures and import and export companies in the industry to complete quality evaluation of the tilapia fillet.