The invention relates to a method for evaluating the lightning protection performance of a high-speed railway traction network. The method comprises the following steps of: dividing an evaluation area into a plurality of space grids by adopting a grid method, and counting a cloud-to-ground lightning density parameter and a lightning current probability density distribution parameter of each space grid within specific time based on massive lightning positioning system data by utilizing a computer by adopting a method for counting high-speed railway passage lightning parameters; establishing a calculation mode of calculating direct-lightning lightning strip-out rate, inductive thunder lightning strip-out rate and total lightning strip-out rate of each zone and the whole line of a high-speed railway within the specific time period by adopting a lightning strip-out rate calculation method; and taking the lightning strip-out rate of each zone as the basis, taking the whole-line lightning strip-out rate as the reference, acquiring thunder damage risk data information of each zone relative to the whole line within the specific time period, and realizing the lightning protection performance evaluation of the spatial and temporal difference of the high-speed railway traction network. According to the method, the calculated lightning strip-out rate is close to real conditions based on the massive perennial lightning positioning system observation data.