The invention discloses a double-environment test device in a quick-acceleration centrifugal field. The double-environment test device in the quick-acceleration centrifugal field comprises a machine base, a driving system, a main rotation system and an auto-rotation system, wherein the driving system comprises a servo motor and a speed reducer, and is connected with the main rotation system, the main rotation system comprises a rotation supporting part, a first coupler, a main collector ring, a balancing weight and the auto-rotation system, a rotary shaft of the servo motor is connected with the input end of the speed reducer, an output shaft of the speed reducer is connected with the rotation supporting part, an auto-rotation motor support is arranged on the rotation supporting part, the auto-rotation motor support is arranged on the rotation axis of the rotation supporting part, the other end of the first coupler is connected with a rotor end of the main collector ring, the balancing weight is arranged on one side of the rotation supporting part and is used for balancing unbalanced force on the two sides of the rotation axis of the rotation supporting part, and the auto-rotation system is installed on the rotation supporting part and is used for fixing a test piece and enabling the test piece to rotate. The double-environment test device in the quick-acceleration centrifugal field can simulate quick acceleration, provide the double-environment test condition, and has the advantages of being small in structure rotational inertia, and convenient to install, maintain and use.