The invention discloses a preparation method of carbon fiber-loaded mesoporous titania, and belongs to a carbon fiber surface modification technology. An activated carbon fiber is adopted as a load body, and the mesoporous titania is loaded on the surface of the carbon fiber by sol-gel reaction by virtue of a guiding role of a template. The method has the advantages that titania-modified carbon fiber which has a mesoporous structure, is controllable in load capacity, and uniform in distribution, and has a phase in an anatase structure can be prepared, and high specific surface area of the mesoporous material is beneficial to improvement of interface bonding between a carbon fiber reinforcement and a base material. Thus, the mechanical property of the carbon fiber composite material is improved further. Meanwhile, the preparation method has important significance in expansion of application of the carbon fiber in the structure-energy storage integrated multifunctional composite material. The preparation method can be applied to the technical fields such as an advanced composite material, energy storage, absorption and the like.