The invention discloses an INS (inertial navigation system) and total station combination-based track geometrical state measurement system and method; a total station is adopted for measuring a track measurement trolley or a track specific section, and the measurement value of the total station is obtained; the measurement value of the total station is used for measurement updating, and is subjected to data fusion with an original measurement value of the INS, and a high-accuracy track positioning attitude-determination result is obtained by resolving. The system and the method disclosed by the invention solve the problem of reduction of the system measurement accuracy of an existing INS/GNSS (global navigation satellite system) track measurement trolley when GNSS signals are interrupted for a long time, and under the condition that the GNSS signals are severely shielded, the track geometrical state can be fast and accurately measured.