The invention discloses a high-reliability electromechanical-hydraulic short-range cutting transmission system of a coal mining machine. The cutting transmission system comprises a cutting motor, a hydraulic transmission system, a gear transmission system, a cutting drum, a controller, a data acquisition device and a processor, wherein the power of the cutting motor is delivered through the hydraulic transmission system and the gear transmission system and then is input to the cutting drum. The invention further discloses a control method for the cutting transmission system. The cutting transmission system disclosed by the invention adopts the hydraulic transmission system to transmit power, so that short-range transmission is realized, the damage caused by the deformation of a heavy-duty rocker arm can be avoided, and the reliability is high; the traction speed and the rotating speed of the cutting drum can be adjusted respectively, so that the cutting drum can cut according to a reasonable cutting thickness, and the maximum cutting effect of the whole machine can be exerted; the hydraulic transmission system has more ideal impact resistance compared with a traditional motor-gear transmission system; a multi-pump multi-motor system can work continuously after the power is reduced when a certain component fails, so that the loss in idle time can be avoided.