The invention relates to a multi-target acoustic positioning method and system based on a near-field source positioning algorithm and belongs to multi-target acoustic positioning methods and systems. According to the multi-target acoustic positioning method, the near-field source positioning algorithm in the array signal processing field is applied to the acoustic positioning system, a zero-cross detection method is introduced, and the distance information and the angle information of targets can be obtained through positioning in a high-precision real-time mode. The positioning system comprises an emitting assembly, a receiving assembly and a signal processing and displaying assembly. The multi-target acoustic positioning method and system based on the near-field source positioning algorithm have the advantages that the angle information and the distance information can be obtained through estimation at the same time, the positioning precision is high, the anti-noise capacity is high, the practicability is high, the hiding performance is high, power consumption is small, and the system is table. The multi-target acoustic positioning method and system based on the near-field source positioning algorithm can be widely applied to the military field and the civilian field.