The invention relates to a method for recovering rhodium from a rhodium-containing cationic resin exchange waste liquid. The method comprises the following steps: heating the rhodium-containing cationic resin exchange waste liquid to 80-120DEG C, slowly adding an aqueous solution of a sulfurizing salt under stirring to carry out a precipitation reaction, filtering to precipitate rhodium contained in the waste liquid, washing the obtained filtrate cake with water and hydrochloric acid to remove metal impurities adsorbed to the precipitate, dissolving the precipitate in a hydrochloric acid-hydrogen peroxide mixed liquid, and simply processing the obtained dissolved rhodium solution to carry out cation exchange in order to obtain a purified chlororhodic acid solution. The method has the characteristics of high rhodium recovery efficiency, simple process, mild process conditions and the like.