The invention provides a high-speed impulse turning method and a device for implementing the high-speed impulse turning method. During turning, the contact mode of a cutter and a workpiece is changed from a continuous contact mode to an impulse contact mode, and by means of movement of the cutter, the linear cutting speed of a cutter blade relative to the workpiece is larger than surface linear speed of the workpiece, so that high-speed turning is achieved. Compared with traditional turning technologies, the method has the advantages that the cutter speed and the workpiece surface linear speed together form the linear cutting speed. Moreover, the cutter is subjected to active cooling before and after turning; temperature control over the workpiece material is performed before turning, and the material machinable range of the cutter is enlarged; besides, heat-resistant burden on the cutter due to temperature rise is avoided by the aid of combination with the active cooling measure. By means of the high-speed impulse turning method, the linear turning speed is increased; energy consumption is reduced, heat generated during turning is reduced; the service life of the cutter is prolonged; the suitable material range is large; the application prospects are good.