The invention discloses a rapid roadway tunneling method and system. A full-section tunneling machine, a crawler walking straddle-type jumbolter, a traction-type adaptive belt conveyor, a crawler-type self-moving machine tail, a two-arm rock bolt jumbo, a stepping-type self-moving machine tail and a telescopic rubber belt conveyor are adopted for the overall arrangement of an excavated roadway, and rapid roadway tunneling is achieved through the combined mode of excavating, crushing, supporting, transferring and conveying. The roadway tunneling equipment is compact, continuous, stable and reliable in arrangement and can carry out multistage transferring and continuous conveying, and tunneling and supporting can be carried out in parallel without mutual influences, so that the roadway tunneling speed is effectively increased on the basis of guaranteeing mining safety, and efficient intensive production of large mines is achieved.