The invention discloses a rapid blocking formwork trolley and blocking method for water and mud burst of a tunnel. The formwork trolley comprises a front sealing formwork and a back sealing formwork, and the front sealing formwork and the back sealing formwork can be opened and closed in a rotating mode and are connected through a pulling rod. The rapid blocking method for water and mud burst of the tunnel through the formwork trolley comprises the following specific steps that 1, the formwork trolley is transported and pulled to a sealed section in the tunnel; 2, the front sealing formwork and the back sealing formwork of the formwork trolley are opened to seal the section of the tunnel; and 3, the position between the front sealing formwork and the back sealing formwork is filled with mortar pumped through a mortar pot and a mortar pump which are located on a trolley frame, so that a temporary concrete wall is completed. According to the rapid blocking formwork trolley and blocking method for water and mud burst of the tunnel, the temporary and emergency blocking wall can be built in the finished tunnel, and the rapid blocking formwork trolley and blocking method are used for protecting the finished tunnel, construction personnel, equipment, goods and materials under the situation that water burst and sand burst accidents happen suddenly to the tunnel face during tunnel construction.