The invention discloses a magnetic levitation train positioning and speed measuring system and method and a magnetic levitation train. The magnetic levitation train positioning and speed measuring system comprises a train-mounted coil, an induction loop line and a ground control unit. The train-mounted coil is installed on a body of the magnetic levitation train, the induction loop line and a magnetic levitation train synchronous linear motor traction winding are jointly laid on a track, and the winding manner of the induction loop line is the same as that of the magnetic levitation train synchronous linear motor traction winding. When high-frequency alternating current enters the train-mounted coil, an alternating magnetic field is formed on the periphery of the train-mounted coil, and the train-mounted coil is used as an excitation source of the alternating magnetic field. The induction loop line is used for generating induction voltage signals when the train-mounted coil moves along the induction loop line. The ground control unit is used for obtaining position and speed information of the magnetic levitation train according to the induction voltage signals sent by the induction loop line. By the adoption of the system, the structure of the system is simplified, the accuracy and reliability of the magnetic levitation train positioning and speed measuring system are improved, and the position and speed information of the magnetic levitation train is detected easily, conveniently and rapidly.