The invention provides an automatic loading and unloading device for an ultrasonic testing system for zirconium rods. The automatic loading and unloading device comprises a loading unit, an ultrasonic testing unit and an unloading unit which are connected sequentially, wherein the loading unit comprises a baffle plate, a storage track, sensors I, a feeding cylinder, sensors II, a control box I, a pneumatic clamping jaw, a feeding guide wheel group, loading shifting blocks and a loading cylinder group; the unloading unit comprises a qualified workpiece storage track, an unqualified workpiece storage track, unloading shifting blocks, a control box II, sensors III, an unloading cylinder group and a discharging guide wheel group. The loading unit can realize zirconium rod storage, automatic one-by-one feeding and automatic feeding of the zirconium rods into the ultrasonic testing unit. The unloading unit can realize storage of tested zirconium rods and can distinguish between qualified products and unqualified products automatically, and the qualified products and the unqualified products are arranged on two separate layers. The automatic loading and unloading device can effectively reduce manpower and improve the current problem about the testing efficiency.