The invention discloses a method for removing and recycling phosphorus from sewage based on aerobic granular sludge. The method comprises the following steps: forming magnesium ammonium phosphate precipitate in the granular sludge in an anaerobic reaction zone, and additionally arranging a granular sludge selecting zone behind a secondary sedimentation tank for selecting granules with higher sedimentation rate, discharging the selected granules out of a system and recycling magnesium ammonium phosphate; refluxing the aerobic granular sludge which is enriched with phosphorus-accumulating bacteria into the anaerobic zone to release phosphorus, and forming the magnesium ammonium phosphate precipitate in the granules; subsequently, enabling the granular sludge mixed solution to pass through the aerobic zone, wherein the granular sludge absorb the phosphorus in the sewage excessively through the phosphorus-accumulating bacteria; after sludge is separated from water in the secondary sedimentation tank, enabling the granules to enter the granular sludge selecting zone, so that the magnesium ammonium phosphate-containing granular sludge with higher sedimentation rate is selected and discharged out of the system to recycle the phosphorus. According to the method disclosed by the invention, a phosphorus recycling system is simplified; the phosphorus is recycled by utilizing an aerobic granular sludge technology; the system is simple and energy-saving, and has practical application and popularization values on the transformation of a sewage phosphorus removal process.