The invention discloses a multi-bus data recording and playback device and method. The device consists of a data recording system and a data playback system, wherein the data recording system comprises a bus data input and output module, a data processing module, a data storage module, a power supply module and an indicating circuit, and the data playback system comprises a data recording device and an upper computer. The data processing module is used for processing data collected by the bus data input and output module, so as to enable the data to confirm to a format of a storage protocol, and sending the data to a next level; the data storage module comprises a storage controller and a storage, and is used for completing the functions such as data storage of a recording phase and data retrieval of a playback phase. The device and method support single data recording or multi-bus simultaneous recording of four bus systems including an RS485 bus, a CAN bus, an Ethernet bus and a FlexRay bus, can realize the playback of recorded data, and has the advantages of low cost, short development period, high reliability, high efficiency and the like.