The invention claims to protect a tire pressure monitoring system for a single-track train, and belongs to the field of tire pressure monitoring devices for a rubber tire type single-track train. According to the monitoring system, one train is used as an independent monitoring unit, and each train comprises a set of the tire pressure monitoring system for the single-track train; according to the monitoring system, wireless pressure sensors are used, and tire pressure information is acquired in a manner of a wireless radio frequency signal; ultrasonic distance measuring sensors are used, and altitude data information is acquired in a manner of a current simulation signal; a data processing communication device is used for firstly screening acquired real-time measuring signal data, the screened real-time measuring signal data is filtered, then logic operation is performed on the filtered real-time measuring signal data, judgment is performed on the real-time measuring signal data after the logic operation, storage treatment is performed on the real-time measuring signal data after the judgment, and then the real-time measuring signal data after the storage treatment is uploaded to a train central controller through a train special communication interface and a control network according to a set time interval, so that the purpose of monitoring the operation safety of the train in a real-time manner is achieved. The tire pressure monitoring system disclosed by the invention has functions of power on self test, tire pressure under-pressure early warning, low-pressure warning, over-pressure warning, tire quick air leakage warning, height monitoring early warning and warning, normalcy data acquisition, normalcy system fault diagnosis, data backup and the like.