The invention discloses a laser quick locating welding system and a laser quick locating welding method without a programming structural part. The laser quick locating welding system comprises an industrial tablet computer, an embedded type numerical-control system, a welding robot and a laser visual sensor. The laser quick locating welding method comprises the following steps: introducing a three-dimensional geometric model into the industrial tablet computer; setting a needed sealing seam for the three-dimensional geometric model on a man-machine conversation interface of the industrial tablet computer, and generating a welding program through automatic conversion of the numerical-control system; adopting the laser visual sensor to carry out precision scanning locating on the welding seam on the structural part, thereby precisely correcting program coordinates in the welding program; and sending the corrected welding program to a robot to perform a welding process through a network communication protocol. The laser quick locating welding method without the programming structural part can realize an automatic welding process without a programming condition of the structural part, so that degree of automation of the welding process is greatly increased, and therefore, a complex manual programming process in a conventional laser welding process of the robot is avoided.