The invention discloses a battery detection radiation device and method based on a phase change material and air cooling. The device comprises a battery module and paraffin wax arranged around the battery module. When the temperature of the battery module rises, the paraffin wax around the battery module is molten and absorbs heat at 47 to 64 DEG C, meanwhile, a temperature controller at the bottom is triggered to enable a radiation fan to start working, a paraffin wax mixture contacts with side plates for radiation, and the heat is carried away by air along the side plates. According to the device and the method, the radiation efficiency can be improved according to the characteristic of an object, relatively high heat conductivity and cost relatively lower than liquid radiation are ensured, and the device can be combined with an air cooling device directly for battery temperature control.