The invention discloses a high speed railway tractive power supply system for a distributed photovoltaic power supply and a control method. A photovoltaic array implements maximum power tracing, boost and inversion through a photovoltaic inverter, alternating electric energy with a low voltage grade output by the single phase photovoltaic inverter is boosted through a photovoltaic boosting transformer and then is led into the tractive power supply system; and the high-voltage side of the photovoltaic boosting transformer is connected with a contact net output port of an autotransformer an a midpoint. Due to adoption of a single phase grid connection technology, electric energy quality of the high speed railway tractive power supply system can be improved; electric energy sent by the distributed photovoltaic power supply first meets traction load requirements; when there is redundant electric energy, the redundant electric energy is sent back to a power system, and grid connection of the photovoltaic electric energy is implemented; in addition, a high speed railway is large in rate of traffic flow, an operation time interval of the high speed railway and a power generation peak time interval of the distributed photovoltaic power supply are high in goodness of fit, and a photovoltaic electric energy absorptive problem is solved.