The invention discloses an excavation positioning system for curved roadway construction. The excavation positioning system for the curved roadway construction comprises an excavation module, an intelligent total station module, a reflection plane device, a communication and controlling module, a strapdown inertial navigation module, a dual-axis tilt angle sensor module and an excavation positioning prism module. The communication and controlling module, the strapdown inertial navigation module, the dual axis tilt angle sensor module and the positioning prism module are simultaneously arranged on the excavation module, the intelligent total station module is arranged at the rear of the excavation module, and the reflection plane device is located between the excavation module and the intelligent total station module. The excavation positioning system for the curved roadway construction can not only be used in a linear roadway, but also can be used in a curved roadway, the six-degree-of-freedom position and attitude parameter of a heading machine in the roadway can be accurately calculated in real time through a combined positioning method, the problems of accurate positioning and attitude determination of the heading machine in the roadway or a tunnel are solved, and the necessary condition for automation operation of the heading machine is provided.