An embodiment of the invention provides a method and a device for inspecting vibration and noise reduction effects, and relates to the technical field of rail vibration reduction. According to the method, a spectral element method and a spectral transfer matrix method are applied to research of rail dynamics, a monolithic roadbed rail serves as a research structure, a plane half rail model is built, force transfer rate under action of vibration reduction fasteners is calculated by the spectral element method, a rail period sub structure model is built for same rail structures, rail attenuation rate is calculated by the spectral transfer matrix method, a sound power level of a steel rail under excitation action of unit simple harmonic points is obtained according to admittance simulation result of the steel rail, vibration reduction effect of the fasteners is analyzed according to the sound power level and the force transfer rate, vibration and noise reduction effect of the fasteners can be accurately, efficiently and completely evaluated and inspected, and the method is of great significance for reduction of rolling noise of the rail.