The invention relates to the field of rail transportation and discloses a heavy-haul railway moving block system based on wireless communication. The heavy-haul railway moving block system comprises acommunication device, a positioning device, a train-mounted control device and a wireless block center. The train-mounted control device is located on a train and used for receiving train position information from the positioning device. The communication device is connected with the train-mounted control device and used for sending the train position information. The wireless block center is located on the ground and used for receiving the train position information and sending the driving permission according to the train position information. The communication device is further used for receiving the driving permission. According to the heavy-haul railway moving block system based on wireless communication, the number of rail installation transponders can be effectively reduced, the positioning precision and efficiency of the train can be effectively improved, the maintenance cost of the rail devices is reduced, meanwhile, the availability of a positioning system under a special environment is guaranteed, and the heavy-haul railway moving block system is perfect and practical.