The invention relates to the road engineering field and particularly relates to an embedded type road vehicle type identification system and method. The embedded type road vehicle type identificationsystem comprises a road surface structure main body; a vibration sensing optical fiber is arranged in the road surface structure main body; the vibration sensing optical fiber comprises one or more than one vibration sensing optical fiber segments; vibration sensing optical fiber segments are connected through a vibration sensing optical fiber transition segment; the embedded type road vehicle type identification system also comprises a vibration optical fiber analysis device; and the vibration optical fiber analysis device is connected to the vibration sensing optical fiber through an opticallead-out wire. Targeting a requirement for a vehicle type identification technology, the invention, through a DOVS (distributed optical fiber vibration and sensing system), provides the novel and accurate vibration-sensing-based road vehicle type identification system and method capable of wide range identification and the vibration optical fiber analysis device.