The invention discloses a method of using graphene oxide to catalyze formylation reaction to synthesize a formamide derivative. The method includes: allowing amine compound and formamide compound to be in one-pot reaction under catalytic action of graphene oxide to generate the formamide derivative. Reaction raw materials and a catalyst are low in cost and easy to obtain, the catalyst can be recycled, reaction steps and operations are simple, the method has the advantages of high reaction selectivity, high yield and supportiveness of expanding reaction, and the defects that reaction reagents are high in toxicity, catalysts are expensive, the number of reaction steps is large and the number of byproducts is large in the prior art are overcome.