The invention provides an agricultural planting auxiliary robot and an automatic operation method thereof. The robot is in communication connection with a client end and comprises a vehicle body (3),a front end driving mechanism (1) and a rear end driving mechanism (2) for driving the vehicle body, an anti-collision module (5), a high-definition video monitoring and illuminating module (6), a front visual navigation module (7) and a rear visual navigation module (8) arranged on the vehicle body, and a central processing module and a solid battery arranged in the vehicle body. In the robot andthe operation method, the growth process of crops after sowing, such as the growth data index, the environmental data index, the water irrigation situation, the fertilization situation, the situationof whether medication is needed, the disease and insect pest identification, the weed identification and other information, can be collected, recorded, analyzed and judged and water or fertilizer ormedication measures and actions are automatically adopted, and the intelligent automatic management, intelligent delivery and intelligent information acquisition can be realized on the growth of crops, which is suitable for agricultural fine planting.