The invention discloses a high-precision indexing mechanism with a temperature control function. The high-precision indexing mechanism comprises a transverse shaft and a vertical shaft, and the transverse shaft drives a workbench to complete rotational motion in the pitching direction; the vertical shaft drives a pitching base, the pitching base drives the workbench to complete rotational motion in the yawing direction, and through the transverse shaft and the vertical shaft, a normal of the workbench points to any area of the sky; the whole mechanism is installed on a yawing base; a sensor isinstalled at the periphery of the transverse shaft. The mechanism further comprises a temperature control system, and the temperature control system controls a first-stage temperature control systemlocated on the yawing base and a second-stage temperature control system located on the pitching base separately.