The invention provides an identification system and method for the circuit state of a rail. The system comprises multiple micro control units used for conducting information collection and processingon a local power source and one or more rail power sources. Each micro control unit comprises a sampling filtering module, a calibration module, a phase deviation acquisition module and a state identification module. The sampling filtering module is connected to the rail power sources; the calibration module is connected to the sampling filtering module; the phase deviation acquisition module is connected to the calibration module; the state identification module is connected to the phase deviation acquisition module. By means of the system, the accuracy, safety and reliability of identifyingthe circuit state of the rail by a rail circuit electronic receiver can be improved.