The invention discloses a numerical control machine tool cutter vibration signal detection system and detection method. The system comprises a vibration signal collection device, a data processing module and an analysis and judgment module; the vibration signal collection device is fixed on a numerical control machine tool cutter table and is used for detecting cutter vibration information and outputting corresponding detection signals to the data processing module; the data processing module is used for performing differential amplification processing on the detection signals, and outputtingdata to be analyzed to the analysis and judgment module; and the analysis and judgment module is used for judging and classifying the currently collected data to be analyzed according to pre-stored data categories, and outputting early warning signals when judging that the data to be analyzed belong to an abnormal vibration data category. According to the numerical control machine tool cutter vibration signal detection system and detection method of the invention, the rigid vibration signal collection device which is fixed on a machine tool in a packaged manner is adopted to collect the operating state information of the cutter of the machine tool in a non-contact manner; the detection of and the early warning against the fault of cutter vibration signals are realized on the basis of the pre-trained recognized data categories. The numerical control machine tool cutter vibration signal detection system and detection method have the advantages of high sensitivity, non-contact type detection, high measurement recognition accuracy and the like.