The invention belongs to the field of irradiation damage resistance of materials, and particularly relates to a method of screening an irradiation-damage-resistant material by utilizing a gradient structure. The method comprises the following steps of (1), preparing a gradient structure material; (2), performing an irradiation experiment on the surface with different grain sizes of the gradient structure material; (3), performing mechanical property testing on samples in different grain size regions by utilizing nanoindentation and convergent ion beams for the irradiated material, and automatically preparing a microstructure characterization sample; and (4), performing transmission electron microscope and three-dimensional atom probe analysis. With the adoption of the method, the differentgrain sizes can be prepared on one sample, and then the irradiation experiment is performed, therefore, the quantity of samples required for researching an influence of the different grain sizes on irradiation damage can be reduced; the efficiency of preparation of the microstructure characterization sample can be improved; and the efficiency of screening of the irradiation-damage-resistant material can be improved.