The embodiment of the invention discloses a geological exploration detecting method and device and a storage medium. The method is applied to a four-component collecting device including a high-frequency detector for collecting high-frequency component data and a low-frequency detector for collecting low frequency three-component data. The method comprises: step one, acquiring high-frequency component data by the high-frequency detector and acquiring low-frequency three-component data by the low-frequency detector; to be specific, acquiring the high-frequency component data and the low-frequency three-component data based on an excited artificial source and enabling the low-frequency three-component data to contain two horizontal component data and one vertical component data; determiningthe velocity of a surface layer by using the high-frequency component data; acquiring a velocity model characterizing a corresponding relationship between the depth and velocity of the stratum based on the surface layer velocity and the low-frequency three-component data; and determining a velocity profile of the stratum of a testing area based on the velocity model.