The invention discloses a moving target line spectrum recognition method based on frequency-energy fluctuation characteristics. The method mainly comprises high-resolution low-frequency LOFAR spectrumanalysis, line spectrum trace feature extraction, line spectrum fluctuation degree calculation and moving target line spectrum recognition. The method is based on the line spectrum characteristics ofa moving target; that is to say, the moving target line spectrum has a certain fluctuation near a certain frequency, and the energy of the moving target line spectrum also has a certain fluctuation with time. The line spectrum frequency-energy fluctuation characteristic of the moving target is represented by utilizing the line spectrum fluctuation degree; according to the method, the line spectrum fluctuation degree mean value and variance characteristics are extracted, moving target line spectrum identification can be effectively achieved based on a linear discrimination function, moving target line spectrums can be well distinguished, a good characteristic basis is provided for target detection and classification identification, and concerned moving target line spectrums can be effectively distinguished from a plurality of acquired line spectrums; the method can be used in passive all-direction buoy and subsurface buoy target detection and classification identification, and has goodengineering practical value.