The invention provides an unmanned aerial vehicle formation information interaction topology online optimization method and device for balancing energy consumption and relates to the field of unmannedaerial vehicle communication. According to the method, a communication network is acquired based on a three-dimensional pattern of an unmanned aerial vehicle formation and initial energy of unmannedaerial vehicles; a weighted directed graph is acquired based on the communication network; a three-dimensional linearly independent graph is acquired based on the weighted directed graph; informationinteraction topology of the unmanned aerial vehicle formation is acquired based on the three-dimensional linearly independent graph; the information interaction topology of the unmanned aerial vehicleformation is sent to the unmanned aerial vehicles; when a real-time time difference between flight time and initial time of the unmanned aerial vehicles is greater than a preset scheduling period, whether remaining energy of each unmanned aerial vehicle is greater than minimum energy for maintaining flight of the unmanned aerial vehicle or not is judged; if the condition is met, the information interaction topology of the unmanned aerial vehicle formation is updated based on the current remaining energy, and the process is circulated continuously till the condition is not met; and when the condition is not met, the unmanned aerial vehicles are commanded to land. Through the method and device, workable time of the unmanned aerial vehicle formation during task execution can be prolonged.