The utility model discloses a railway vehicle traction test system, which comprises a data acquisition device, a fault control device, a remote server, a network switch, a sensor, a transfer box, and the like, wherein the data acquisition device comprises a dynamic recorder and a power analyzer, the dynamic recorder and the power analyzer are respectively used for acquiring and processing the railway vehicle test data, the fault control equipment is respectively connected with the dynamic recorder and the power analyzer, and is used for controlling the power analyzer to be started to operate when the dynamic recorder is detected to have faults during the process of operation and for controlling the dynamic recorder to be started to operate when the power analyzer is detected to have faults during the process of operation, the remote server is used for carrying out parameter configuration to the data acquisition device, the network switch is arranged in the network, the sensor is used for detecting the output of the railway vehicle test data, and the transfer box is connected with the sensor and the data acquisition device. The utility model can ensure the safety and completeness of the test data, and further improves the stability and reliability of the whole railway vehicle traction test system.