The present disclosure provides a method and an apparatus for establishing a luminance compensation model, a method and an apparatus for compensating for the luminance of a display screen, and a display device. The method for establishing a luminance compensation model for compensating for the luminance of a display screen includes acquiring an accumulated light emission amount of the display screen, if the accumulated light emission amount of the display screen falls within one of a plurality of predefined threshold intervals of light emission amount, determining a luminance compensation coefficient for the display screen corresponding to the one threshold interval of light emission amount, and establishing a luminance compensation model, which indicates a correlation between each of the plurality of threshold intervals of light emission amount and the corresponding luminance compensation coefficient.