An X-ray inspection apparatus includes an X-ray irradiation unit that irradiates an article with X-rays, an X-ray detection unit that detects the X-rays transmitted through the article, an inspection unit that generates an X-ray transmission image of the article based on a signal output from the X-ray detection unit and performs inspection of the article based on the X-ray transmission image, and a control unit that controls the X-ray irradiation unit and the X-ray detection unit. The control unit executes a first control of controlling the X-ray irradiation unit such that an irradiation output is increased if a detection output of the X-ray detection unit is decreased when the control unit controls the X-ray irradiation unit such that the irradiation output of the X-ray irradiation unit becomes a first irradiation output. The control unit executes the first control in a state where the article is not irradiated with the X-rays.