A three-dimensional (“3D”) electrode structure includes a current collecting layer, a plurality of plates including an active material and disposed on the current collecting layer, and a plurality of inner support layers disposed between the plurality of plates. The plurality of plates includes first, second, and third plates. An inner support layer of the inner support layers is disposed between the first and second plates, and another inner support layer of the inner support layers is disposed between the second and third plates. The inner support layer between the first and second plates and the another inner support layer between the second and third plates are arranged at different positions in a lengthwise direction of the second plate.