A matching recognition method for an NC program and corresponding cutting tools includes a step of using an imaging device to capture 2-dimensional images from the cutting tools mounted at the corresponding numbered tool holders on a machine tool, a step of based on the 2-dimensional images to extract outline feature points and assembling postures of cutting tools and converting into corresponding tool-assembling strings, a step of obtaining tool demands from each of the sequential machining steps in the NC program and converting into corresponding stepwise tool-demanding strings, and a step of performing matching upon the tool-assembling strings and the stepwise tool-demanding strings to generate and output corresponding step-and-tool matching strings. In addition, an associated matching recognition system is provided to include an imaging device, an image-processing module, a step-decoding module and a matching and comparing module.