A temperature control system, adapted to a central processing unit powered by a power supply module of an electronic device, is provided. The temperature control system includes a setting module, a first temperature detecting module, a second temperature detecting module, and a power adjusting module. The setting module is configured to set a target temperature of the CPU and a target temperature of the power supply module. The first temperature detecting module is configured to obtain a detected temperature of the CPU. The second temperature detecting module is electrically connected to the power supply module, to obtain a detected temperature of the power supply module. The power adjusting module is configured to adjust a control parameter of the CPU or the power supply module based on a first temperature difference between the target temperature of the CPU and the detected temperature of the CPU or a second temperature difference between the target temperature of the power supply module and the detected temperature of the power supply module.