A four-shaft panoramic scanning temperature measuring device with a circulating water-cooling device is provided, which not only improves the working reliability of the probe, but also increases the overall flexibility and scanning measurement efficiency. The circulating water-cooling device is self-cooled. Compared with the conventional single-circulation water-cooling way, the design of five cooling cavities can achieve higher circulating water-cooling efficiency. The four-shaft structure includes a shaft structure for translation, a shaft structure for rotation, a shaft structure for swinging, and a shaft structure with coaxial sight pipe and light pipe. The design of the four-shaft structure is able to panoramically scan the high-temperature components inside the turbine. The temperature measuring device integrates functions of cooling, swinging, translating and rotating together, which solves problems of large size and complex control of the conventional temperature measuring device.