Devices, systems, and methods for treating aneurysms are disclosed herein. According to some embodiments, the present technology includes a treatment system comprising a delivery shaft, a manipulation shaft slidably positioned within the lumen of the delivery shaft, and an occlusive device configured for implantation within the aneurysm. The occlusive device can comprise a plurality of filaments that are secured to one another at a proximal end of the occlusive device by a cured material. The occlusive device can comprise inner and outer layers of braided filaments, wherein the proximal end region of the inner layer has an exposed portion that extends proximally beyond the proximal end region of the outer layer, and wherein the cured material extends into and fills interstices between the braided filaments at the proximal end regions of the inner and outer layers.