A substrate bearing, on one main face, a composite electrode, which includes an electroconductive network which is a layer formed from strands made of an electroconductive material based on a metal and/or a metal oxide, and having a light transmission of at least 60% at 550 nm, the space between the strands of the network being filled by an electroconductive fill material. The composite electrode also includes an electroconductive coating, which may or may not be different from the fill material, covering the electroconductive network, and in electrical connection with the strands, having a thickness greater than or equal to 40 nm, of resistivity ρ1 less than 105 Ω·cm and greater than the resistivity of the network, the coating forming a smoothed outer surface of the electrode. The composite electrode additionally has a sheet resistance less than or equal to 10Ω/□.