A rollback prevention system is disclosed for use with a mobile machine having an engine and a transmission. The rollback prevention system may have an input device configured to receive an input indicative of a desired travel direction of the mobile machine, a sensor configured to generate a signal indicative of an actual travel direction of the mobile machine, and a controller in communication with the input device, the sensor, the engine, and the transmission. The controller may be configured to make a determination that the actual travel direction of the mobile machine is opposite the desired travel direction based on the signal, and determine a load on the transmission. The controller may also be configured to selectively increase a torque output of the transmission based on the determination only when the load on the transmission is less than a threshold value.