In one aspect, a system for adjusting harvesting implement orientation of an agricultural harvester may include a harvesting implement configured to be coupled to the agricultural harvester in a manner that permits a fore/aft tilt angle defined between a longitudinal axis of the harvesting implement and a field surface to be adjusted. The system may also include a sensor configured to detect a parameter indicative of a distance between the harvesting implement and the field surface. Furthermore, the system may include a controller configured to receive an input associated with a predetermined characteristic of the harvesting implement. The controller may also be configured to monitor the distance between the harvesting implement and the field surface based on data received from the sensor and initiate adjustments of the fore/aft tilt angle based on the received input and the monitored distance.