A method of operating a memory controller, the method including performing a state shaping operation on received data based on state shaping information in response to a write request, the received data and the write request being received from a host, the state shaping information representing a memory cell characteristic corresponding to a memory cell group on which the received data is to be programmed, and the state shaping information being received from a memory device, and transmitting transformation data to the memory device, the transformation data being generated through the state shaping operation.