An optical modulator includes an acousto-optic assembly and a thermal management apparatus. The acousto-optic assembly includes: an acousto-optic material; a first side configured to receive an incident light beam; and a second side configured to emit an output light beam based on the incident light beam. The thermal management apparatus includes: a first thermally conductive material in thermal contact with the first side of the acousto-optic assembly; and a second thermally conductive material in thermal contact with the second side of the acousto-optic assembly.