A semiconductor device includes: a substrate, a gate stacking structure that includes a plurality of interlayer insulating layers and a plurality of gate electrodes that are alternately stacked on the substrate, a channel layer that extends in a first direction and into the gate stacking structure, where the channel layer is electrically connected to the substrate, a channel insulating layer that at least partially surrounds the channel layer, and a plurality of dielectric layers that are between the channel insulating layer and the plurality of gate electrodes, extend along a circumference of the channel layer, and are spaced apart from each other in the first direction, where each of the plurality of dielectric layers includes: a ferroelectric pattern that at least partially surrounds the channel insulating layer, and an anti-ferroelectric pattern that at least partially surrounds the ferroelectric pattern.