The present application relates to a composition comprising extracellular membrane vesicles derived from indoor air. In addition, the present application provides a method for diagnosing, preventing and/or treating an inflammatory respiratory disease, lung cancer and the like using the extracellular membrane vesicles. In detail, the present application involves injecting extracellular membrane vesicles present in indoor air into an animal in order to prepare an animal respiratory disease model, and enables the search and/or discovery of drug candidates for preventing or treating respiratory diseases using the animal model. The present application provides a vaccine for preventing and/or treating respiratory diseases, to a method for diagnosing substances causing respiratory diseases, and to a method for inhibiting the activities of extracellular membrane vesicles in indoor air or removing the extracellular membrane vesicles from indoor air so as to prevent the occurrence and exacerbation of respiratory diseases.